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2.
Gac. méd. Caracas ; 127(1): 12-20, mar. 2019. tab
Article in Spanish | LIVECS, LILACS | ID: biblio-1021856

ABSTRACT

El virus de inmunodeficiencia humana, conocido por su impacto en el sistema inmunológico, ocasionamanifestacionesneurológicas progresivas con afectación cognitiva, perturbando funciones de atención, memoria, lenguaje, ejecución y procesamiento de la información, lo cual interfiere de forma negativa en la vida social, laboral y familiar del paciente. Objetivos: Evaluar las alteraciones de diferentes funciones neurocognitivas de los pacientes con infección por el virusde inmunodeficienciahumana, en una institución prestadora de servicios de salud de la cuidad de Ibagué - Colombia. Método: Se utilizó la Evaluación Cognitiva Montreal (MoCA), la cual fue diseñada como un instrumento ágil para determinar alteraciones cognitivas leves. La población objeto de estudio la constituyeron 44 pacientes portadores de virus de inmunodeficiencia humana, seleccionados dentro de un marco de muestreo no-probabilístico con muestra intencional o de conveniencia, entre los 14 y 75 años de edad. Resultados: Mayor deterioro neurocognitivo en los pacientes diagnosticados con virus de inmunodeficiencia humana de mayor edad; datos epidemiológicos indican que la edad más avanzada se asocia a una mayor prevalencia de desorden neurocognitivo asociado al virus de inmunodeficiencia humana. Conclusiones: El estudio de los mecanismos del deterioro neurocognitivo en pacientes con virus de inmunodeficiencia humana se hace cada vez más relevante, porque cada día aumenta su esperanza de vida, pero a su vez genera complicaciones con mayor predominio de la comorbilidad médica, psiquiátrica y neurológica(AU)


Introduction: The Human Immunodeficiency Virus, known for its impact on the immune system, causes progressive neurologic manifestations with cognitive impairment, disrupting attention functions, memory, language, execution and processing of information. The latter negatively interferes in social, work and family life of the patient. Objectives: To evaluate alterations in varied neurocognitive functions on patients with Human Immunodeficiency Virusinfection, at a health institution in Ibague, Colombia. Method: The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) was used. It was designed as a tool to determine mild cognitive alterations. The study population was made up of 44 carriers of Human Immunodeficiency Virus who were selected within a framework of non-probabilistic sampling and with purposive sample or convenience, between 14 and 75 years old. Results: Greater neurocognitive impairment in patients diagnosed with Human Immunodeficiency Virus in legal age; someepidemiological data indicate that the older age is associated with a higher prevalence of neurocognitive disorder associated with Human Immunodeficiency Virus. Conclusions: The study of the neurocognitive impairment mechanisms in patients with Human Immunodeficiency Virus becomes increasingly more relevant, as their life expectancy increases daily. On the other hand, it causes complications with greater prevalence of medical psychiatric and neurological comorbidity(AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Central Nervous System/physiopathology , AIDS Dementia Complex/diagnosis , HIV/pathogenicity , Colombia/epidemiology , Anti-Retroviral Agents/administration & dosage , Plasma/chemistry , Therapeutics/psychology , Venezuela , Emtricitabine/pharmacology
3.
Rev. méd. Chile ; 145(12): 1579-1587, dic. 2017. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-902483

ABSTRACT

Congenital hypothyroidism (CH) is the most common cause of preventable cognitive disability worldwide. Generally, it is produced by an alteration in the embryogenesis of the thyroid gland or by an alteration in the synthesis of thyroid hormones, which determine that affected patients have low or absent thyroid hormone concentrations. The importance of this fact is that brain development during the first three years of life is highly dependent on thyroid hormones. Prior to the implementation of national neonatal screening programs around the world, 8 to 27% of children with CH had an IQ lower than 70. Nowadays, this percentage is close to 0 in countries that have implemented the program. In Chile, CH neonatal screening program achieved national coverage in 1996. Currently, the incidence of the disease in our country is 1: 3163. The degree of disability produced by CH not only depends on the time of detection of the disease and the prompt start of therapy, but also on an adequate monitoring. Despite screening programs, neurocognitive impairment in schoolchildren and teenagers with CH is still observed, reflected in lower scores in cognitive, language and gross motor assessments, receptive communication, expressive communication, fine motor and gross motor skills compared to healthy children. Also, lesser achievements in learning and language disorders are observed. The objective of this review is to update the information available on neurodevelopment of patients with CH.


Subject(s)
Humans , Infant, Newborn , Infant , Child, Preschool , Central Nervous System/growth & development , Central Nervous System/physiopathology , Cognition/physiology , Congenital Hypothyroidism/physiopathology , Child Development/physiology , Chile , Age Factors , Neonatal Screening/methods , Cognition Disorders/diagnosis , Cognition Disorders/physiopathology , Fetal Development/physiology , Nervous System Diseases/diagnosis , Nervous System Diseases/physiopathology , Neurologic Examination/methods
4.
Rev. Soc. Cardiol. Estado de Säo Paulo ; 26(1): 27-33, jan.-mar.2016. tab, ilus
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-789773

ABSTRACT

O processo fisiopatológico secundário à parada cardiorrespiratória (PCR) com retorno da circulação espontânea (RCE), determina a síndrome pós-PCR, com lesão cerebral, disfunção miocárdica e reperfusão, em resposta à isquemia orgânica. A terapia do controle da temperatura (TCT) oferece mecanismos neuroprotetores, limitação da lesão miocárdica e redução da resposta inflamatória sistêmica. Dúvidas existem em relação aos benefícios, início e duração da TCT, porém, há evidências que apoiam a melhora da sobrevida e do prognóstico neurológico em populações selecionadas. Recomenda-se a TCT por 24 horas, com controle da temperatura na faixa de 32 °C a 36 °C para adultos que sobrevivem à PCR extra-hospitalar e permanecem em coma com ritmos iniciais de fibrilação/taquicardia ventricular, o que também é sugerido para os sobreviventes de PCR extra-hospitalar com ritmo inicial não chocável e de PCR intra-hospitalar em qualquer ritmo inicial. O início do resfriamento deve ser feito o mais precocemente possível, depreferência, até 12 horas após o RCE. O controle da temperatura corpórea deve ser incorporado aos cuidados dos pacientes críticos pós-PCR, a fim de reduzir as taxas de mortalidade e de sequelas neurológicas...


The secondary pathophysiological process to cardiorespiratory arrest (CRA) with return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC), determines the post-cardiorespiratory arrest syndrome with brain injury, myocardial reperfusion and dysfunction in response to systemic ischemia. The temperature control therapy (TCT) provides neuroprotective mechanisms, limitation of myocardial injury and reduction of systemic inflammatory response. There are still some questions regarding the benefits, timing and duration of TCT, however, there is evidence supporting improved survival and neurological outcome in selected populations. TCT is recommended for 24 hours, with temperature control in the range of 32 to 36 °C for comatose adults who survive after out-of-hospital cardiorespiratory arrest with initial rates of fibrillation/ ventricular tachycardia, which is also suggested for extra-hospital cardiorespiratory arrest survivors with early pace not shockable and intra-hospital cardiorespiratory arrest in any initial rate. The beginning of the cooling should be done as early as possible, ideally up to12 hours after ROSC. The control of body temperature should be incorporated into the careof the post-CRA critically ill patients in order to reduce mortality and neurological sequelae...


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Hypothermia/complications , Hypothermia/therapy , Heart Arrest/physiopathology , Heart Arrest/therapy , Electrocardiography/methods , Risk Factors , Quality of Life , Myocardial Reperfusion/methods , Central Nervous System/physiopathology , Survival , Body Temperature
5.
Pesqui. vet. bras ; 35(4): 337-343, 04/2015. tab, graf, ilus
Article in English | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: lil-752480

ABSTRACT

Bovine meningoencephalitis caused by BHV-5, a double-stranded DNA enveloped virus that belongs to the family Herpesviridae and subfamily Alphaherpesvirinae, is an important differential diagnosis of central nervous diseases. The aim of this study was to describe the histological changes in the central nervous system of calves experimentally infected with BHV-5 and compare these changes with the PCR and IHC results. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded central nervous system samples from calves previously inoculated with BHV-5 were microscopically evaluated and tested using IHC and PCR. All the animals presented with nonsuppurative meningoencephalitis. From 18 evaluated areas of each calf, 32.41% and 35.19% were positive by IHC and PCR, respectively. The telencephalon presented more accentuated lesions and positive areas in the PCR than other encephalic areas and was the best sampling area for diagnostic purposes. Positive areas in the IHC and PCR were more injured than IHC and PCR negative areas. The animal with neurological signs showed more PCR- and IHC-positive areas than the other animals.(AU)


A meningoencefalite bovina causada pelo BHV-5, um vírus DNA fita dupla envelopado que pertence à família Herpesviridae e subfamília Alphaherpesvirinae, é um importante diagnóstico diferencial das doenças do sistema nervoso central. O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever as alterações histológicas no sistema nervoso central de bovinos experimentalmente infectados com BHV-5 e comparar estas alterações com os resultados de imunoistoquímica (IHQ) e PCR. Amostras do sistema nervoso central de bezerros previamente inoculados com BHV-5 foram microscopicamente avaliadas e submetidas à IHQ e PCR. Todos os animais apresentaram meningoencefalite não-supurativa. Das 18 áreas avaliadas de cada bezerro, 32,41% e 35,13% foram positivas na IHQ e PCR, respectivamente. O telencéfalo apresentou lesões mais acentuadas e foi mais positivo na PCR do que as demais áreas encefálicas e se apresentou como a melhor área para coleta de material para o diagnóstico. As áreas positivas na IHQ e na PCR apresentaram lesões mais acentuadas do que as áreas negativas para as mesmas técnicas. O animal com sinais neurológicos apresentou mais áreas positivas para PCR e IHQ do que os demais animais.(AU)


Subject(s)
Animals , Cattle , Central Nervous System/physiopathology , Herpesvirus 5, Bovine/isolation & purification , Meningoencephalitis/veterinary , Nervous System Diseases/veterinary , Immunohistochemistry/veterinary , Polymerase Chain Reaction/veterinary
6.
Braz. J. Psychiatry (São Paulo, 1999, Impr.) ; 36(3): 251-258, Jul-Sep/2014. graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-718447

ABSTRACT

Sepsis and the multiorgan dysfunction syndrome are among the most common reasons for admission to an intensive care unit, and are a leading cause of death. During sepsis, the central nervous system (CNS) is one of the first organs affected, and this is clinically manifested as sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE). It is postulated that the common final pathway that leads to SAE symptoms is the deregulation of neurotransmitters, mainly acetylcholine. Thus, it is supposed that inflammation can affect neurotransmitters, which is associated with SAE development. In this review, we will cover the current evidence (or lack thereof) for the mechanisms by which systemic inflammation interferes with the metabolism of major CNS neurotransmitters, trying to explain how systemic inflammation drives the brain crazy.


Subject(s)
Humans , Brain/physiopathology , Encephalitis/physiopathology , Sepsis-Associated Encephalopathy/physiopathology , Sepsis/physiopathology , Amines/metabolism , Brain/metabolism , Central Nervous System/metabolism , Central Nervous System/physiopathology , Cytokines/metabolism , Encephalitis/metabolism , Sepsis-Associated Encephalopathy/metabolism , Sepsis/metabolism , gamma-Aminobutyric Acid/metabolism
7.
Arq. neuropsiquiatr ; 72(6): 457-465, 06/2014.
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-712681

ABSTRACT

Central nervous system (CNS) restoration is an important clinical challenge and stem cell transplantation has been considered a promising therapeutic option for many neurological diseases. Objective : The present review aims to briefly describe stem cell biology, as well as to outline the clinical application of stem cells in the treatment of diseases of the CNS. Method : Literature review of animal and human clinical experimental trials, using the following key words: “stem cell”, “neurogenesis”, “Parkinson”, “Huntington”, “amyotrophic lateral sclerosis”, “traumatic brain injury”, “spinal cord injury”, “ischemic stroke”, and “demyelinating diseases”. Conclusion : Major recent advances in stem cell research have brought us several steps closer to their effective clinical application, which aims to develop efficient ways of regenerating the damaged CNS. .


Restauração do sistema nervoso central (SNC) é um importante desafio clínico e o transplante de células-tronco tem sido considerado uma opção terapêutica promissora para muitas doenças neurológicas. Objetivo : O presente trabalho tem como objetivo descrever brevemente a biologia das células-tronco, assim como sua aplicação clínica no tratamento de doenças do SNC. Método : Revisão da literatura de experimentação animal e ensaios clínicos com humanos, usando as seguintes palavras chave: “células-tronco”, “neurogênese”, “Parkinson”, “Huntington”, “esclerose lateral amiotrófica”, “lesão cerebral traumática”, “lesão da medula espinal”, “acidente vascular cerebral isquêmico” e “doenças desmielinizantes”. Conclusão : Grandes avanços em pesquisas com células-tronco nos conduziram a novas perspectivas para uma aplicação clínica efetiva, visando desenvolver formas eficazes de regeneração do SNC. .


Subject(s)
Humans , Central Nervous System Diseases/therapy , Stem Cell Transplantation/standards , Stem Cells/cytology , Central Nervous System/physiopathology , Nerve Regeneration , Stem Cell Transplantation/methods
8.
Braz. J. Psychiatry (São Paulo, 1999, Impr.) ; 36(2): 156-167, may. 13, 2014. graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-710208

ABSTRACT

Introduction: Mitochondrial dysfunction has been postulated to participate in the development of many neuropsychiatric disorders, but there is no consensus as to its role. The aim of this paper is to review recent studies and to outline the current understanding of the association between mitochondrial dysfunction and psychiatric disorders. Methodology: We reviewed articles that evaluated mitochondrial dysfunction and psychiatric disorders, with a particular focus on depression, bipolar disorder, anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and autism spectrum disorder, and the association between mitochondrial dysfunction and development of these disorders. Results: Evidence suggests that alterations in mitochondrial morphology, brain energy metabolism, and mitochondrial enzyme activity may be involved in the pathophysiology of different neuropsychiatric disorders, given their key role in energy metabolism in the cell. Conclusions: Understanding the interactions between mitochondrial dysfunction and development of psychiatric disorders may help establish more effective therapeutic strategies for these disorders and thus lead to better outcomes for affected subjects. .


Subject(s)
Humans , Central Nervous System/physiopathology , Mental Disorders/physiopathology , Mitochondria/physiology , Mitochondrial Diseases/physiopathology , Apoptosis/physiology , Central Nervous System/metabolism , Energy Metabolism , Mental Disorders/etiology , Mental Disorders/metabolism , Mitochondria/drug effects , Mitochondrial Diseases/metabolism
9.
Trends psychiatry psychother. (Impr.) ; 35(4): 238-251, dez. 2013. tab, graf, ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-698104

ABSTRACT

Some studies have reported the importance of electroencephalography (EEG) as a method for investigating abnormal parameters in psychiatric disorders. Different findings in time and frequency domain analysis with regard to central nervous system arousal during acute panic states have already been obtained. This study aimed to systematically review the EEG findings in panic disorder (PD), discuss them having a currently accepted neuroanatomical hypothesis for this pathology as a basis, and identify limitations in the selected studies. Literature search was conducted in the databases PubMed and ISI Web of Knowledge, using the keywords electroencephalography and panic disorder; 16 articles were selected. Despite the inconsistency of EEG findings in PD, the major conclusions about the absolute power of alpha and beta bands point to a decreased alpha power, while beta power tends to increase. Different asymmetry patterns were found between studies. Coherence studies pointed to a lower degree of inter-hemispheric functional connectivity at the frontal region and intra-hemispheric at the bilateral temporal region. Studies on possible related events showed changes in memory processing in PD patients when exposed to aversive stimuli. It was noticed that most findings reflect the current neurobiological hypothesis of PD, where inhibitory deficits of the prefrontal cortex related to the modulation of amygdala activity, and the subsequent activation of subcortical regions, may be responsible to trigger anxiety responses. We approached some important issues that need to be considered in further researches, especially the use of different methods for analyzing EEG signals (AU)


Alguns estudos relataram a importância da eletroencefalografia (EEG) como método de investigação de parâmetros anormais em transtornos psiquiátricos. Achados diferentes na análise do domínio do tempo e da frequência em relação à excitabilidade do sistema nervoso central durante estados agudos de pânico já foram obtidos. O objetivo deste estudo foi revisar sistematicamente os achados de EEG no transtorno do pânico (TP), discuti-los com base em uma hipótese neuroanatômica atualmente aceita para essa patologia e identificar limitações nos estudos selecionados. A pesquisa bibliográfica foi realizada nas bases de dados PubMed e ISI Web of Knowledge, utilizando as palavras-chave eletroencefalografia e transtorno do pânico; 16 artigos foram selecionados. Apesar da inconsistência dos achados de EEG no TP, as principais conclusões sobre a potência absoluta das bandas alfa e beta apontam para uma diminuição da potência em alfa, enquanto em beta a potência tende a aumentar. Diferentes padrões de assimetria foram encontrados entre estudos. Os estudos de coerência apontaram para um menor grau de conectividade funcional inter-hemisférica na região frontal e intra-hemisférica na região temporal bilateral. Estudos de potenciais eventos relacionados demonstraram mudanças no processamento da memória em pacientes com TP quando expostos a estímulos aversivos. Notou-se que a maioria dos resultados reflete a atual hipótese neurobiológica do TP, nos quais déficits inibitórios do córtex pré-frontal em relação à modulação da atividade da amígdala, e a subsequente ativação de regiões subcorticais, podem ser responsáveis por desencadear respostas de ansiedade. Foram abordadas algumas questões importantes que precisam ser consideradas em futuras pesquisas, especialmente o uso de diferentes métodos de análise de sinais de EEG (AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Panic Disorder/physiopathology , Electroencephalography , Neuroanatomy , Brain/pathology , Central Nervous System/physiopathology , Panic Disorder/pathology , Electroencephalography/methods
10.
Pesqui. vet. bras ; 33(12): 1466-1470, dez. 2013. ilus, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-702020

ABSTRACT

A presente pesquisa foi realizada com o objetivo de desenvolver e adaptar técnicas diagnósticas em neurologia para primatas não humanos, da espécie Alouatta guariba Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1812 (bugio-ruivo) saudáveis e mantidos em cativeiro. Foram realizadas análises físico-químicas e citológicas do líquido cefalorraquidiano obtido na cisterna magna de oito bugios-ruivos. Para realização dos exames, todos os animais foram contidos quimicamente com associação de cetamina, xilazina e midazolam e anestesia inalatória com isoflurano. Os resultados das análises do líquido cefalorraquidiano demonstraram valores médios de proteína: 16,92mg/dL±9,84; glicose: 131,25mg/dL±106,7; pH: 8,37±0,69; células nucleadas: 0,5/mm³±0,75; hemácias: 49,37/mm³±111,76 e pressão: 7,37cm H2O±1,77. O trabalho demonstrou a segurança e a eficácia da colheita do líquido cefalorraquidiano na cisterna magna de Alouatta guariba e os valores de referência para a espécie.


This survey was conducted with the objective of developing and adapting diagnostic techniques in neurology for non-human primates, of the species Alouatta guariba Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1812 (howler monkey) healthy and kept in captivity. Physical-chemical analyses were carried out in cerebrospinal fluid and its pressure measurement in the cisterna magna. Eight animals were used for the analysis of cerebrospinal fluid. In all procedures, were used chemical restraint and anesthesia with ketamine, xylazine and association of midazolam and inhalational anesthesia with isoflurane for carrying out the spinal tap. The cerebrospinal fluid analysis showed average values: protein: 16.92±9.84; glucose: 131.25mg/dL±106.7; pH: 8.37±0.69; nucleated cells: 0.5/mm³±0.75; red blood cells: 49.37/mm³±111.76 and CSF cisternal pressure: 7.37cm H2O±1.77. This study demonstrated the safety and efficacy of cerebrospinal fluid collection in the cisterna magna of Alouatta guariba, and the reference values for the specie.


Subject(s)
Animals , Diagnostic Techniques and Procedures , Central Nervous System/physiopathology , Cerebrospinal Fluid , Specimen Handling/veterinary
11.
Rev. Ciênc. Agrovet. (Online) ; 12(Especial): 23-24, junho 2013.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1488004

ABSTRACT

Meningoencefalite granulomatosa (MEG) é uma condição inflamatória do sistema nervoso central (SNC) de causa idiopática e ocorrência esporádica. A lesão pode ser disseminada, focal ou ocular e foi descrita primeiramente por Braund, Vandevelde e Walker em 1978. Afeta principalmente cães de raças toy como poodles e terriers, mas, também, pode ser vista em cães maiores. É principalmente uma doença de cães jovens a meia idade (de 1 a 8 anos), mas pode ocorrer em qualquer idade (BRAUND, 1985; ETTINGER et al, 2004; MUÑANA et al, 1998;). Alguns estudos não identificaram tais predileções (THOMAS, 1998). Foi atendido em uma clinica veterinária situada em Santa Maria (RS) um canino, fêmea, cor preta, raça Labrador Retriever, seis anos de idade e pesando 35 kg. O animal chegou à clínica com o relato de que havia convulsionado várias vezes até chegar ao consultório.


Subject(s)
Female , Animals , Dogs , Status Epilepticus/veterinary , Meningoencephalitis/veterinary , Central Nervous System/physiopathology
12.
Arq. bras. cardiol ; 99(4): 931-935, out. 2012. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-654259

ABSTRACT

FUNDAMENTO: A fisiopatologia da Pré-Eclampsia (PE) é caracterizada por deficiência no processo de placentação, disfunção endotelial sistêmica e hiperfluxo do Sistema Nervoso Central (SNC). Do ponto de vista clínico, seria interessante determinar a ocorrência desses fenômenos antes do aparecimento das manifestações clínicas da doença, levantando a possibilidade de novos métodos de predição da PE. OBJETIVO: Comparar o processo de placentação, a função endotelial e o hiperfluxo do SNC em gestantes de alto risco para desenvolvimento de PE que posteriormente desenvolveram ou não a síndrome. MÉTODOS: Um total de 74 gestantes foi submetido ao exame de Dilatação Fluxo-Mediada (DFM) da artéria braquial, dopplerfluxometria de artérias uterinas e oftálmica para avaliação da função endotelial, processo de placentação e hiperfluxo central, respectivamente. Os exames foram realizados entre 24 e 28 semanas de gestação e as pacientes foram acompanhadas até o puerpério para coleta de dados. RESULTADOS: Quinze pacientes tiveram a gestação complicada pela PE e 59 se mantiveram normotensas até o puerpério. Pacientes que subsequentemente desenvolveram PE apresentaram entre 24 e 28 semanas de gestação, maiores valores no índice de pulsatilidade das artérias uterinas e menores valores de DFM (p < 0,001 e p = 0,001, respectivamente). Entretanto, não houve diferença nos valores obtidos no índice de resistência da artéria oftálmica (p = 0,08). CONCLUSÃO: Os dados obtidos sugerem que a deficiência no processo de placentação e a disfunção endotelial precedem cronologicamente as manifestações clínicas da PE, o que não ocorre com o hiperfluxo do SNC.


BACKGROUND: The physiopathology of Preeclampsia (PE) is characterized by a deficiency in the process of placentation, systemic endothelial dysfunction and Central Nervous System (CNS) hyperflow. From a clinical point of view, it would be interesting to determine the occurrence of these phenomena before the onset of clinical manifestations of the disease, raising the possibility of new methods for predicting PE. OBJECTIVE:Compare the process of placentation, endothelial function and CNS hyperflow in pregnant women at high risk for the development of PE who subsequently developed or not the syndrome. METHODS: A total of 74 pregnant women underwent the Flow-Mediated Dilation (FMD) of the brachial artery, Doppler study of uterine and ophthalmic arteries for the assessment of endothelial function, process of placentation and central hyperflow, respectively. The examinations were performed between 24 and 28 weeks of gestation and were followed until the postpartum period for data collection. RESULTS: Fifteen patients had PE and 59 remained normotensive until the puerperium. Patients who subsequently developed PE had between 24 and 28 weeks of gestation, higher pulsatility index of uterine arteries and lower values of FMD (p < 0.001 and p = 0.001, respectively). However, there was no difference in the values obtained in the resistive index in the ophthalmic artery (p = 0.08). CONCLUSION: The data obtained suggest that the deficiency in the process of placentation and endothelial dysfunction chronologically precede the clinical manifestations of PE, which does not occur with CNS hyperflow.


Subject(s)
Adult , Female , Humans , Pregnancy , Endothelium, Vascular/physiopathology , Pre-Eclampsia/physiopathology , Uterus/physiopathology , Blood Flow Velocity/physiology , Blood Pressure/physiology , Brachial Artery/physiopathology , Central Nervous System/blood supply , Central Nervous System/physiopathology , Gestational Age , Placenta/blood supply , Placenta/physiopathology , Placentation/physiology , Risk Factors , Statistics, Nonparametric , Uterine Artery/physiopathology , Uterus/blood supply
13.
Rev. chil. neuro-psiquiatr ; 48(1): 44-48, mar. 2010. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-577344

ABSTRACT

The simultaneous and involuntary displacement of the opposite limb during a volitional movement is called mirror movements. They mimic the gesture, partly or wholly. They can be congenital, familiar or installed in various CNS pathologies. We present a 64 years old woman with familiar history of mirror movements that affect their hands, since childhood. At admission presented confused with left hemiplegia and homolateral sensory involvement. The brain CT defined a right ischemic stroke affecting the posterior limb of the internal capsule, lenticular nucleus, sub insular region and par ventricular white matter. The paretic left hand, unable to perform voluntary movements, presented mirror movements during volitional movements of the contra lateral hand. Neurophysiologic studies have suggested that mirror movements are due the activation of the direct corticospinal pathway or simultaneous discharge of both motor cortexes due inhibitory pathways failures. Cortical origin seems unlikely for the movements in this patient, due to the injury of the internal capsule. Our case could be interpreted by the simultaneously brain innervations on both anterior horns, together with a congenital deregulation of the Central Pattern Generator Networks.


Se denomina movimiento en espejo (ME) el desplazamiento involuntario, imitativo y simultáneo de la extremidad opuesta al de un movimiento volitivo. Los ME pueden tener un origen congénito y familiar o generarse por patologías diversas del sistema nervioso central. Se presenta una mujer de 64 años con el antecedente de ME desde la infancia de carácter familiar. Ingresa en estado confusional y presentando una hemiplejía y hemihipoestesia faciobraquicrural izquierda. La tomografía cerebral mostraba compromiso del brazo posterior de la cápsula interna, núcleo lenticular, región subinsular y de la sustancia blanca paraventricular. La mano izquierda pléjica que era incapaz de realizar movimientos voluntarios, se movía en espejo al mover la mano derecha. Esta curiosa manifestación hace necesario una más ajustada interpretación neurofisiológica de los movimientos en espejo. Se ha postulado una activación de la vía corticoespinal directa, o la descarga simultánea de ambas cortezas motoras por fallas en la natural inhibición transcortical. En este caso parece improbable un origen cortical contralateral de los movimientos, debido a la lesión de la cápsula. Tal vez podrían comprenderse los ME de esta paciente, si se demostrara una doble inervación de ambas astas anteriores, asociada a una falla en la inhibición normal por desregulación congénita de los Circuitos Generadores Centrales.


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Middle Aged , Hemiplegia/diagnosis , Cerebral Infarction/complications , Movement Disorders/congenital , Movement Disorders/physiopathology , Stroke/complications , Functional Laterality , Hand/physiopathology , Reflex , Synkinesis , Central Nervous System/physiopathology
14.
Pesqui. vet. bras ; 29(7): 583-588, July 2009. ilus
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-526801

ABSTRACT

Ipomoea carnea subsp. fistulosa é uma planta que contém swainsonina causando doença de depósito lisossomal em ruminantes, principalmente em caprinos na região Nordeste do Brasil. Para o estudo das plantas tóxicas da Ilha de Marajó, foram visitadas sete propriedades rurais na Ilha de Marajó, seis localizadas no município de Cachoeira do Arari e uma no município de Soure. Em todas as propriedades visitadas as pastagens eram constituídas de campo nativo, tinham pouca disponibilidade de forragem e I. carnea subsp. fistulosa encontrava-se em grande quantidade. Nas três propriedades onde eram criados caprinos foram observados animais com sinais nervosos, incluindo tremores de intenção, aumento da base de sustentação quando em estação, ataxia, hipermetria, nistagmo, paresia espástica ou debilidade, alterações posturais, perda de equilíbrio e quedas. Em duas fazendas a prevalência foi de 32 por cento (23/71) e 100 por cento (32/32) e em outra havia um animal com sinais acentuados e o resto do rebanho, de 19 caprinos, não foi examinado clinicamente. Bovinos, ovinos e bubalinos não foram afetados. Foram eutanasiados e necropsiados seis caprinos que apresentavam sinais clínicos acentuados. Macroscopicamente não foram observadas alterações. Na histologia observou-se vacuolização do pericário de neurônios e do citoplasma de células epiteliais da tireóide, rim, fígado, pâncreas e macrófagos de diversos órgãos. No sistema nervoso central a vacuolização era mais grave nos neurônios de Purkinje do cerebelo e nos neurônios dos núcleos cerebelares e do tronco encefálico. Observaram-se também degeneração walleriana dos axônios e gliose. A alta freqüência da intoxicação nas três fazendas que criavam caprinos sugere que a intoxicação por I. carnea subsp. fistulosa é muito importante para caprinos na Ilha de Marajó, onde há abundante quantidade da planta, que permanece verde durante todo o período seco.


Ipomoea carnea subsp. fistulosa is a swainsonine-containing plant causing a glycoprotein storage diseases in ruminants, mainly in goats in northeastern Brazil. Seven farms were visited on the Marajo Island, state of Pará, northern Brazil, six in the municipality of Cachoeira do Arari and one in the municipality of Soure. In all farms native pastures had shortage of forage and were largely invaded by I. carnea subsp. fistulosa. On the three farms goats presented difficulties in standing, ataxia, hypermetria, wide-based stance, lateral gait, intention tremors, spastic paresis or weakness, abnormal postural reactions, nystagmus, loss of equilibrium and falling to the side or backward. On two farms the prevalence was of 32 percent (23/71) and 100 percent (32/32). On another farm one goat out of 19 had severe clinical signs, but the others of the flock were not examined clinically. Cattle, sheep and buffaloes were not affected. Six goats were euthanized and necropsied. No gross lesions were observed. Upon histological examination the main lesion was the vacuolization of the perikaryon of neurons and cytoplasm of epithelial cells of thyroid, liver, kidney, pancreas and macrophages of different organs. In the central nervous system the vacuolization of the perikaria was more severe in Purkinje cells of the cerebellum and in nuclei of the brain stem, mainly the cerebellar nuclei. Wallerian degeneration of axons and gliosis was also observed. The high frequency of the disease on the three farms suggests that poisoning by I. carnea subsp. fistulosa is very important for goats on Marajó Island where there are large amounts of the plant in the pastures.


Subject(s)
Animals , Goats/anatomy & histology , Plant Poisoning/complications , Plant Poisoning/epidemiology , Plant Poisoning/etiology , Plant Poisoning/mortality , Ipomoea/poisoning , Central Nervous System/physiopathology , Swainsonine/poisoning , Brazil/epidemiology
15.
Pesqui. vet. bras ; 29(7): 589-597, July 2009. ilus
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-526802

ABSTRACT

As doenças do sistema nervoso central (SNC) de equídeos representam uma parcela importante das enfermidades diagnosticadas nestas espécies. O estudo destas e de outras enfermidades nas diferentes regiões do país é necessária para estabelecer formas eficientes de controle e profilaxia. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo descrever as características clínicas, epidemiológicas e patológicas das doenças do SNC de equídeos diagnosticadas no Laboratório de Patologia da Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, em Patos, Paraíba, que ocorreram entre janeiro de 2007 e dezembro de 2008. No período estudado, 159 casos ou surtos de doenças de equídeos foram diagnosticados. Destes, 49 (30,8 por cento) afetaram o SNC. A encefalopatia hepática na intoxicação por Crotalaria retusa foi a principal enfermidade com 14 casos (28,5 por cento), seguida por tétano com 13 (26,5 por cento) casos e raiva com 11 (22,,4 por cento) casos. Sete (14,2 por cento) casos foram de traumatismos afetando o SNC. Foram, também, diagnosticados 1 caso de leucoencefalomalacia, 1 de encefalite por herpesvírus eqüino-1, 1 de injeção acidental na artéria carótida, 1 surto de encefalomielite viral equina tipo leste, 1 surto de intoxicação por Turbina cordata e 1 surto de doença tremogênica de causa desconhecida. Cinco casos tiveram diagnóstico inconclusivo. Este trabalho comprova a importância do funcionamento de laboratórios de diagnóstico, nas diferentes regiões do país, para o conhecimento das doenças do rebanho e para a vigilância epidemiológica das mesmas.


Diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) in equidae are important in these species, and their knowledge in the different Brazilian regions is necessary to determine efficient control and preventive measures. This paper reports epidemiologic aspects, clinical signs and pathology of diseases of the CNS in equidae diagnosed by the Veterinary Pathology Laboratory at the Federal University of Campina Grande in the city of Patos, state of Paraíba, northeastern Brazil, during 2002-2008. During the period, 159 cases or outbreaks of those diseases were studied, 49 (30.8 percent) affecting the CNS. Hepatic encephalopathy caused by Crotalaria retusa poisoning, with 14 cases (28.5 percent), was the main disease observed. Tetanus was diagnosed in 13 (26.5 percent) cases and rabies in 11 (22.4 percent). In seven (14.2 percent) cases the death or euthanasia was due to traumatic lesions of the CNS. Also were diagnosed 1 case of leucoencephalomalacia, 1 case of encephalitis by equine herpesvirus-1, 1 case of intracarotid artery injection, 1 outbreak of Eastern equine encephalitis, 1 of Turbina cordata poisoning, and 1 of a tremogenic disease of unknown cause. In 5 cases the diagnosis was inconclusive. This paper indicates the importance of diagnostic veterinary laboratories, in the different Brazilian regions, for the knowledge of livestock diseases.


Subject(s)
Animals , Horse Diseases/diagnosis , Horse Diseases/epidemiology , Horse Diseases/etiology , Horse Diseases/prevention & control , Equidae , Central Nervous System/physiopathology , Diagnostic Techniques, Neurological/veterinary , Brazil/epidemiology , Horses , Retrospective Studies
16.
Radiol. bras ; 41(1): 45-47, jan.-fev. 2008. ilus
Article in English, Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-477723

ABSTRACT

OBJETIVO: Este trabalho analisa as conseqüências da irradiação-X no desenvolvimento do sistema nervoso de fetos de ratos. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: O trabalho foi constituído de 10 Rattus norvegicus albinos, Wistar, fêmeas, grávidas, com idade de oito semanas. Cinco ratas fêmeas constituíram o grupo controle e outras cinco tiveram suas regiões abdominais expostas por 30 segundos a uma dose de 0,3 Gy proveniente de um aparelho odontológico Gnatus de 70 kV e 10 mA. No 17º dia gestacional, ambos os grupos foram submetidos a histerectomia. As seções selecionadas foram examinadas para análise cerebral comparativa entre os grupos. RESULTADOS: O exame clínico revelou não haver diferenças morfológicas entre os grupos controle e experimental e nenhum dos animais apresentou anormalidades grosseiras. Vinte e sete por cento dos animais do grupo experimental apresentaram hemorragia cerebral moderada e 73 por cento apresentaram hemorragia severa e danos no tecido nervoso. Nenhum animal do grupo controle apresentou hemorragia cerebral ou danificações de tecido nervoso. CONCLUSÃO: Estas evidências demonstram que pequenas doses de radiação-X podem causar hemorragias cerebrais e, conseqüentemente, lesão tecidual nervosa.


OBJECTIVE: The present study analyzes the consequences of X-irradiation for the development of the nervous system of rat fetuses. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The sample included ten eight-week-old, pregnant Rattus norvegicus albinus, Wistar. Five female rats constituted the control group and other five had their abdominal region exposed for 30 seconds to a single 0.3 Gy radiation dose from a 70 kV, 10 mA Gnatus odontological apparatus. At the 17th gestational day both groups were submitted to hysterectomy. Selected sections were examined for comparative brain analysis of both groups. RESULTS: The clinical evaluation demonstrated no morphological difference between the control and the experimental groups. Twenty-seven percent of the animals in the experimental group presented mild brain hemorrhage, while 73 percent of the animals had severe cerebral cortex hemorrhage and nervous tissue damage. None of the animals in the control group presented cerebral hemorrhage or nervous tissue damage. CONCLUSION: These evidences demonstrate that low X-radiation doses may cause brain hemorrhage and, consequently, nervous tissue damage.


Subject(s)
Animals , Rats , Cerebral Hemorrhage/etiology , Central Nervous System/anatomy & histology , Central Nervous System/radiation effects , Central Nervous System/physiopathology , Radiation Dosage , Clinical Trial , Hysterectomy , Rats, Wistar/anatomy & histology , Central Nervous System/growth & development
17.
Arch. venez. pueric. pediatr ; 70(4): 136-138, oct.-dic. 2007. ilus, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-589299

ABSTRACT

El estudio en los últimos años de las enfermedades vasculares cerebrales en la infancia ha permitido el reconocimiento de los factores de riesgo para este grupo etario. La hiperosmolaridad (policitemia, trombocitosis, hiperglicemia, hipernatremia), que a nivel del sistema nervioso central provoca trombosis de vasos arteriales y venosos con ruptura de los mismos y sangramientos intracerebrales, subdurales, subaracnoides, puede ser causa de fenómenos isquémicos y/o hemorrágicos cerebrales, conllevando a largo plazo a lesiones estructurales. El presente trabajo se basa en la descripción clínica y procedimientos diagnósticos de un niño con encefalopatía crónica no progresiva, secundaria a enfermedad vascular cerebral hemorrágica por deshidratación hipernatrémica, tomando los datos de la historia clínica y la evaluación directa del mismo. El paciente se evaluó en Barquisimeto, estado Lara en el año 2007.


Studies in the last years on cerebral vascular illnesses in childhood has allowed the recognition of risk factors for this age group. Increase in osmolarity (increase in the viscosity of the blood, polycitemia thrombocitocys, hyperglycemia, hypernatrenia) can cause ischemic phenomena and/or cerebral hemorrhage, causing long term structural lesions. The present work is based on the clinical description and aboy's diagnostic procedures with chronic non progressive encephalopaty secondary to cerebral vascular hemorrhagic illness due to hypernatrenic dehydration. The patient was evaluated in the city of Barquisimeto, Lara state in the year 2007.


Subject(s)
Humans , Infant , Brain Damage, Chronic/physiopathology , Dehydration/chemically induced , Diarrhea/diagnosis , Diarrhea/therapy , Hypernatremia/blood , Central Nervous System/physiopathology , Brain Edema , Seizures/diagnosis , Pediatrics
18.
Rev. bras. cir. cardiovasc ; 22(4): 416-424, out.-dez. 2007. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-483097

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: In the present study, we aimed to determine the protective effect of the perfusion of the distal aorta with diltiazem and ringer lactate solution on the spinal cord. METHODS: Twenty-seven New Zealand rabbits were used in which spinal cord ischemia was provided by occlusion of the aorta for thirty minutes. Experimental animals were divided into four groups: group A (n=4), the sham operation group; group B (n=8) in which intraaortic balloon occlusion alone was applied; group C (n=7), ringer lactate group in which ringer lactate was perfused into distal aorta at a rate of 40 ml/kg, hr, following intraaortic balloon occlusion; group D (n=8) diltiazem group in which diltiazem 40 mg/kg, hr, in Ringer lactate was perfused into distal aorta following intraaortic balloon occlusion. Motor function of hind limbs was evaluated by Tarlov's scoring system. After observation, spinal cords were removed for histopathological evaluation. RESULTS: The degree of histopathological injury was well correlated with neurological function. The most severe histopathological injury and neurological dysfunction occurred in group B, followed by group C, D and A respectively. No injury or neurological dysfunction occurred in the sham group. CONCLUSIONS: The protective effect of diltiazem on both histopathological injury and neurological function was significant in comparison with control groups.


OBJETIVO: O objetivo do presente trabalho é determinar o efeito protetor da perfusão na aorta distal com diltiazem e solução de Ringer lactato na medula espinal. MÉTODOS: Foram usados 27 coelhos da raça New-Zeland, nos quais se provocou isquemia da medula espinal por meio de oclusão da aorta durante 30 minutos. Os animais experimentais foram divididos em quatro grupos: grupo A (n=4), o grupo de cirurgia simulada (pseudocirurgia); o grupo B (n=8) no qual se aplicou somente a oclusão do balão intraaórtico; grupo C (n=7), o grupo do Ringer lactato, no qual a solução de Ringer lactato foi perfundida na aorta distal após oclusão do balão intra-aórtico; grupo D (n=8), grupo do dialtiazem, no qual 40 mg/kg/h de diltiazem, em solução de Ringer lactato, foram perfundidas na aorta distal após oclusão do balão intra-aórtico. A função motora dos membros posteriores foi avaliada pelo sistema de escore de Tarlov. Após observação, as medulas espinais foram removidas para avaliação histopatológica. RESULTADOS: O grau de lesão histopatologica estava bem correlacionado com a função neurológica. Lesões histopatológicas e disfunções neurológicas mais graves ocorreram no grupo B, seguido pelos grupos C, D e A, respectivamente. Não ocorreu nenhuma lesão ou disfunção neurológica no grupo de cirurgia simulada. CONCLUSÕES: O efeito protetor do diltiazem na lesão histopatológica e na função neurológica foi significativo em comparação com os grupos-controle.


Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Male , Rabbits , Aorta/surgery , Calcium Channel Blockers/pharmacology , Diltiazem/pharmacology , Isotonic Solutions/pharmacology , Neuroprotective Agents/pharmacology , Spinal Cord/drug effects , Body Temperature/drug effects , Body Temperature/physiology , Central Nervous System/physiopathology , Heart Rate/drug effects , Heart Rate/physiology , Motor Activity/drug effects , Motor Activity/physiology , Statistics, Nonparametric , Spinal Cord Ischemia/etiology , Spinal Cord/blood supply , Spinal Cord/pathology
19.
Braz. J. Psychiatry (São Paulo, 1999, Impr.) ; 29(4): 363-369, dez. 2007. ilus
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-471326

ABSTRACT

OBJETIVO: Trabalhos de pesquisa provenientes do campo da neuroimunomodulação vêm tornando explícitas as intrincadas relações existentes entre o sistema nervoso central e o sistema imune. Uma revisão bibliográfica foi realizada com o objetivo de descrever as bases de estudo da neuroimunomodulação. MODELOS EXPERIMENTAIS: Sabe-se, hoje, que estados emocionais como ansiedade e depressão são capazes de modificar a atividade do sistema imune como também o fazem o estresse e fármacos com ação no sistema nervoso central. COMPORTAMENTO DOENTIO: Os comportamentos apresentados por um organismo doente devem ser encarados como decorrência de estratégias homeostáticas de cada indivíduo. POSSÍVEIS MECANISMOS DE SINALIZAÇÃO DO SISTEMA IMUNE PARA O SISTEMA NERVOSO CENTRAL: Grande destaque tem sido atribuído para a participação do eixo hipotálamo-pituitária-adrenal, do sistema nervoso autônomo simpático e das citocinas nas sinalizações entre o sistema nervoso central e o sistema imune. CONCLUSÃO: O presente artigo pretende mostrar a relevância dos fenômenos de neuroimunomodulação; ele faz uma análise crítica das influências do sistema nervoso central sobre o sistema imune e vice-versa.


OBJECTIVE: Several papers arriving from the neuroimmunomodulation field are showing the relevant relationships between the nervous and the immune systems. A review of studies was carried out to describe the bases of the studies on neuroimmunomodulation. EXPERIMENTAL MODELS: It is clear nowadays that emotional states such as anxiety and depression change immune system activity, an affect also observed after both stress and use of nervous system acting drugs. SICK BEHAVIOR: The behavior displayed by sick organisms might be thought as being a consequence of homeostatic strategies. POSSIBLE MECHANISM OF THE ACTION BY MEANS OF IMMUNE SYSTEM TO NERVOUS SYSTEM: A very big emphasis is being given to Hipothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis, simpathetic nervous system and cytokines participation on nervous system and immune system relationships. CONCLUSION: The present revision intend to show some essential studies in the neuroimmunomodulation field; it makes a critical analysis of the mutual relationships between nervous system and immune system.


Subject(s)
Animals , Humans , Central Nervous System/physiology , Immune System/physiology , Neuroimmunomodulation/physiology , Stress, Physiological/immunology , Central Nervous System/immunology , Central Nervous System/physiopathology , Cytokines/immunology , Depression/immunology , Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System/immunology , Immune System/immunology , Immune System/physiopathology , Models, Animal , Pituitary-Adrenal System/immunology , Stress, Psychological/immunology , Sympathetic Nervous System/immunology
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